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# US English Foundation, Inc.

Enabling Opportunity Through English

## Sitemaps

- [XML Sitemap](https://usefoundation.org/sitemap.xml): Contains all public & indexable URLs for this website.

## Posts

- [Foundation Newsletters](https://usefoundation.org/foundation-newsletters/) - Looking for the most current happenings at the Foundation? Read all about our exciting news, most recent developments and latest stories here. You can also access a "Free English Language Learning Resources on the Internet" brochure here. 248
- [Learn English for FREE](https://usefoundation.org/learn-english-for-free/) - The U.S. English Foundation offers access to free English language lessons via U.S.A. LEARNS, an educational resource for adult immigrants who want to learn or improve their English skills as they become part of American society. Create an account with U.S.A. LEARNS for FREE. 249

## Pages

- [Homepage](https://usefoundation.org/)
- [Research](https://usefoundation.org/research/)
- [Programs](https://usefoundation.org/programs/) - U.S. English Foundation Programs
- [About Us](https://usefoundation.org/about-us/) - About U.S. English Foundation
- [Donate](https://usefoundation.org/donate/) - Donations
- [Issues](https://usefoundation.org/research/issues/) - U.S. English Foundation Research News English language in the news: There are many examples of the importance of English as a unifying language... not just in United States media but in media around the world. See below for some of the most recent mentions of the unifying role of the English language. If you
- [Publications](https://usefoundation.org/research/publications/) - U.S. English Foundation Research U.S. ENGLISH Foundation Publications The U.S. English Foundation studies language issues within the United States and produces reports of our findings to educate citizens on our common language. These briefings are distributed in paper format, but are also available here. A brief synopsis follows the title of the report. The
- [Many Languages](https://usefoundation.org/many-languages/) - U.S. English Foundation Research Many Languages, One America Languages in America Over time, many languages in America have risen to the rank of "most important foreign language to know." A century ago, this title was bestowed on German. In subsequent years, the spotlight moved to French, then Japanese, and today is cast on Spanish.
- [Many Languages](https://usefoundation.org/research/many-languages/) - U.S. English Foundation Research Many Languages, One America Languages in America Over time, many languages in America have risen to the rank of "most important foreign language to know." A century ago, this title was bestowed on German. In subsequent years, the spotlight moved to French, then Japanese, and today is cast on Spanish.
- [Official Language Research](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/) - U.S. English Foundation Research Official Language Research The U.S.ENGLISH Foundation recognizes that language issues and problems throughout the world have common elements. In an attempt to better understand the difficulties facing our nation in regard to language issues, the U.S.ENGLISH Foundation has compiled data on official and minority languages from countries worldwide. North America
- [Learn English for Free](https://usefoundation.org/programs/learn-english-for-free/) - U.S. English Foundation Programs Learn English for Free The U.S. English Foundation offers access to free English language lessons via U.S.A. LEARNS, an educational resource for adult immigrants who want to learn or improve their English skills as they become part of American society. U.S.A. LEARNS, a free website funded by the U.S.
- [State Cases](https://usefoundation.org/legal/state-cases/) - Legal Defense State Court Cases Iowa U.S.ENGLISH, along with U.S. Representative Steve King (R-IA) and eight Iowa citizens, won a critical victory on March 31, 2008 in a lawsuit brought against Iowa’s Secretary of State Chet Culver for violating the state’s Official English law when he refused to stop issuing voter registration materials in
- [Our Mission](https://usefoundation.org/about-us/our-mission/) - About U.S. English Foundation Our Mission The U.S.ENGLISH Foundation contends that learning English quickly and learning it with English-speaking peers is the best way for English learners to get ahead economically, academically and socially. Although English learners do require special language assistance, it is the Foundation's stance that this assistance should be short-term and
- [Senator S.I. Hayakawa](https://usefoundation.org/about-us/senator-s-i-hayakawa/) - About U.S. English Foundation Biography of U.S. English Founder, Senator S.I. Hayakawa Samuel Ichiye Hayakawa was born in Vancouver, Canada on July 18, 1906 of Japanese immigrant parents, Ichiro and Toro Hayakawa. After completing high school in Winnipeg, he received his B.A. in English from the University of Manitoba in 1927 and his M.A.
- [Chairman's Biography](https://usefoundation.org/about-us/chairmans-biography/) - About U.S. English Foundation Biography of Chairman of the Board, Mauro E. Mujica Mauro E. Mujica has been Chairman of the Board and CEO of U.S.ENGLISH since January of 1993. Mr. Mujica, who himself immigrated to the United States from his native Chile, has a firsthand understanding of the obstacles facing non-English speakers upon
- [Bequests](https://usefoundation.org/donate/bequests/) - Donations Donating to U.S. ENGLISH Foundation There are many ways to donate to the U.S. ENGLISH Foundation. The easiest way is by completing our online donation form. Planned gifts may also be given. The most frequent types of gifts in this category are bequests through a will or transfers of stock or property. For
- [Planned Giving](https://usefoundation.org/donate/planned-giving/) - Donations Donating to U.S. ENGLISH Foundation There are many ways to donate to the U.S. ENGLISH Foundation. The easiest way is by completing our online donation form. Planned gifts may also be given. The most frequent types of gifts in this category are bequests through a will or transfers of stock or property. For
- [Wills](https://usefoundation.org/donate/wills/) - Donations Donating to U.S. ENGLISH Foundation There are many ways to donate to the U.S. ENGLISH Foundation. The easiest way is by completing our online donation form. Planned gifts may also be given. The most frequent types of gifts in this category are bequests through a will or transfers of stock or property.
- [Stock/Property Transfers](https://usefoundation.org/donate/stockproperty-transfers/) - Donations Donating to U.S. ENGLISH Foundation There are many ways to donate to the U.S. ENGLISH Foundation. The easiest way is by completing our online donation form. Planned gifts may also be given. The most frequent types of gifts in this category are bequests through a will or transfers of stock or property. For
- [USA: Population and Language Proficiency Data](https://usefoundation.org/research/publications/usa-population-language-proficiency-data/) - U.S. English Foundation Research USA: Population and Language Proficiency Data United States: Population and Language Proficiency Data The 2000 Census represented the most comprehensive look at the residents of the United States. Using this data, the U.S. English Foundation has assembled a in-depth series of tables on the population of each state, including
- [53](https://usefoundation.org/research/many-languages/53-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research Many Languages, One America: Introduction Over the history of the United States, many languages have risen to the rank of "most important foreign language to know." A century ago, this title was bestowed on German. In subsequent years, the spotlight moved to French, then Japanese, and today is cast on
- [54](https://usefoundation.org/research/many-languages/54-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research Many Languages, One America: Most Linguistically Diverse States Rank Region Languages 1 California view data sheet 207 2 New York view data sheet 169 3 Washington view data sheet 163 4 Texas view data sheet 145 5 Oregon view data sheet 138 6 Pennsylvania view data sheet 135 7
- [55](https://usefoundation.org/research/many-languages/55-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research Many Languages, One America: Most Linguistically Diverse Counties Rank Region Languages 1 Los Angeles County, Calif. 135 2 King County, Wash. 118 3 (tie) Maricopa County, Ariz. 110 3 (tie) San Diego County, Calif. 110 5 Cook County, Ill. 109 6 Queens County, N.Y. 105 7 Santa Clara County,
- [56](https://usefoundation.org/research/many-languages/56-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research Many Languages, One America: Most Linguistically Diverse MSAs Rank Region Languages 1 Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, Calif. 137 2 New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, N.Y.-N.J.-Pa. 129 3 Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, Wash. 123 4 Chicago-Naperville-Joliet, Ill.-Ind.-Wis. 113 5 San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, Calif. 112 6 (tie) Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, Ariz. 110 6 (tie) Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, D.C.-Va.-Md.-W.Va. 110
- [86](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/86-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research AUSTRIA General Information Capital: Vienna 1,539,848 (1991 est.) Area: 83,858 sq km (32,378 sq mi) Form of government Federal Republic GDP per capita Purchasing power parity–$23,400 (1999 est.) Population 8,139,299 (July 1999 est.) Ethnic composition German - 99.4% Croatian - 0.3% Slovene - 0.2% Other - 0.1% (Hungarians, Czech and
- [87](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/87-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research AUSTRIA Language Research 1. Legislation: Legislation dealing with the use of languages The Constitution of the Republic of Austria, adopted in 1929 Protection of minority status in Austria has been legislated since 1976. However, this law has not been universally applied. On November 5, 1992, Austria signed the European Charter
- [88](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/88-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research AUSTRIA Language Research 2. Background: Background notes Once the center of power for the large Austro-Hungarian Empire, Austria was reduced to a small republic after its defeat in World War I. After its annexation to Nazi Germany in 1938 and the subsequent occupation by the victorious Allied powers, Austria's 1955
- [89](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/89-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research AUSTRIA Language Research 3. Language issues: Where does one observe language to be a problem in the country? Since 1995, the Centre of Ethnic Groups of Austria ("Österreichisches Volksgruppenzentrum") has submitted proposals for a new fundamental law for minorities in Austria. The Hungarians and Croats of Burgenland, along with the
- [90](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/90-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research AUSTRIA Language Research 4. Minority groups: To what extent are minority groups in this country disadvantaged by their language? Updated (December 2002) CROATIAN Croatian language rights in Austria apply only to the Austrian citizens living in six (of seven) districts in the province of Burgenland, but not to those living in
- [91](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/91-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research AUSTRIA Language Research 5. Costs: What does it cost in terms of money, time and government resources to police the country's language restrictions? Updated (June 2005) FIVE NEW BILINGUAL SIGNS UNVEILED BUT HIGH COURT RULING REMAINS UNFULFILLED At the beginning of May, during a folk festival, the Chancellor Wolfgang Schüssel and
- [92](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/92-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research AUSTRIA Language Research 6. Language in everyday life: The use of language in everyday life, e.g. education, broadcasting, and other SLOVENE LANGUAGE Is used in education but a number of difficulties pertain to Slovene educational efforts. Carinthia: For several decades there was a complete lack of bilingual kindergartens in southern
- [94](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/94-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research AUSTRIA Language Research 8. Miscellaneous: What else can be found about languages and minorities? An amendment to the Austrian Constitution was passed on July 7, 2000 in Parliament aimed at strengthening the respect, safeguard, and promotion of the recognized minorities of the country. Whether it will lead to a revision
- [96](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/96-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research AUSTRIA Legislation Constitution (Adopted in 1929) (Document Status on July 1, 1983) Article 8 Without prejudice to the rights provided by federal law for linguistic minorities, German is the official language of the Republic. Article 14 (6) Public schools are those schools, which are established and maintained by authorities so
- [717](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/717-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research CYPRUS Language Research 2. Background: Background notes The people of Cyprus represent two main ethnic groups, Greek and Turkish. The Greek Cypriots, who constitute the majority, are descended from a mixture of aboriginal inhabitants and immigrants from the Peloponnese who colonized Cyprus about 1100 BC and assimilated subsequent settlers up
- [721](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/721-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research CYPRUS Language Research 6. Language in everyday life: The use of language in everyday life, e.g. education, broadcasting, and other SCHOOLS At the beginning of the 1990s, there was an abundance of qualified teachers for all levels and types of schools, as well as administrative personnel, all of whom were
- [186](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/186-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research DENMARK Language Research 4. Minority groups: To what extent are minority groups in this country disadvantaged by their language? Updated (October 2003) GERMAN MINORITY FEARS LOSS OF INFLUENCE AFTER THE REORGANIZATION PLANNED BY THE DANISH GOVERNMENT In Denmark regions and municipalities enjoy far-reaching autonomy. They are responsible for education, healthcare
- [216](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/216-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research ESTONIA References CIA -The World Factbook 1999 Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia 2000 Encyclopedia Britannica, © 1999-2000 Britannica.com Inc. Estonia Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1996, Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor U.S. Department of State International Constitutional Law (ICL), 1994 - 13 April 2000, University
- [353](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/353-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research LATVIA Legislation Statute of the State Language Center Latvian Language Expert Commission Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia 22 August, 2000 Riga Regulations No 287 (Issued in accordance with Paragraph 3 of Article 23 of the State Language Law) 1. The Latvian language expert commission (hereinafter - Commission)
- [354](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/354-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research LATVIA Legislation Regulations on the Usage of Foreign Languages in the Text of Stamps, Seals and Letterheads Regulations No. 286 (Issued according to Paragraph 4, Article 20 of the State Language law) Cabinet of Ministers of The Republic of Latvia 22 August, 2000 Riga 1. These regulations are to determine
- [358](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/358-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research LATVIA Legislation Regulations on Ensuring Interpretation in Events Regulations No. 288 (Issued according to Part 2 and 3, Article 11 of the State Language Law) Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia 22 August, 2000, Riga 1. These Regulations determine in which cases organizers have to ensure interpretation of
- [359](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/359-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research LATVIA Legislation The Usage of Languages in Information Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia 22 August, 2000 Riga Regulations No. 292 (Issued in accordance with Paragraphs 5 and 6 of Article 21 of the State Language Law) I. General regulations 1. The regulations provide for: 1.1. Cases when
- [360](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/360-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research LATVIA Legislation Regulations on the Proficiency Degree in the State Language Required for the Performance of the Professional an Positional Duties and on the Procedure of Language Proficiency Tests Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia 22 August, 2000 Riga Regulations Nr. 296 (Issued in accordance with Paragraph 5
- [362](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/362-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research LATVIA Legislation State Language Law Adoption On December 9, 1999 the Saeima (Parliament) of Latvia adopted the new State Language Law (with 52 voices for versus 26 against). The new law came into force on September 1, 2000. On July 14, 1999, the law was returned to the Saeima by
- [363](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/363-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research LATVIA Legislation State Language Proficiency Certificate To the Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers No of ..............2000 No ________ Ivans Ivanovs (pers. code 231155-00000) was examined by the Riga State Language Proficiency Examination Commission on September 14, 1996. In the test Ivans Ivanovs received the following evaluation: Interview Degree 2A
- [364](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/364-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research LATVIA Legislation Differences between Rights of Latvian Citizens and Non-Citizens - Latvian Residents Before October 15, 1991 all residents of Latvia enjoyed equal legal status. On October 15, 1991, the Latvian Parliament passed the Resolution "On the Renewal of the Rights of Citizens of the Republic of Latvia and Fundamental
- [366](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/366-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research LATVIA Legislation Information on recognition of stateless persons' or non-citizens' children, who were born in Latvia after August 21, 1991 to be citizens of Latvia (August 31, 2002) In total % Including in August, 2002 Applications accepted 940 100.0 22 Sex of a child Female 579 61.6 12 Male
- [367](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/367-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research LATVIA Legislation Information on the Registration of the Status of the Citizens of Latvia (August 31, 2002) In total % Including in July, 2002 Applications accepted 3,803 100.0 85 Sex of an applicant Female 2,053 54.0 56 Male 1,750 46.0 29 Nationality (ethnic origin) of an applicant Latvians, Livonians
- [370](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/370-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research LATVIA References CIA -The World Factbook 1999 Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia 2000 Encyclopedia Britannica, © 1999-2000 Britannica.com Inc. Latvia Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1999, Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor U.S. Department of State International Constitutional Law (ICL), 1994 - 13 April 2000, University
- [375](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/375-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research LITHUANIA Language Research 3. Language issues: Where does one observe language to be a problem in the country? Amongst the Baltic States Lithuania has the smallest number of Soviet-era Russian immigrants but their future seems to be the most positive. Lithuania has no border problems with Russia, nor does it
- [380](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/380-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research LITHUANIA Language Research 8. Miscellaneous: What else can be found about languages and minorities? Updated (October 2004) HOW EURO WILL BE CALLED IN LITHUANIA? The Lithuanian government is concerned about Brussels' insistence to use a unitary form of the word "euro" in all member states. According to a EU observer's letter,
- [382](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/382-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research LITHUANIA Legislation Constitution (Adopted on October 25, 1992) (Document Status on October 25, 1992) (Editor's Note: The translation for the ICL edition has been provided by Martin Scheinin in 1995) Article 14 Lithuanian shall be the state language. Article 29 (2) A person may not have his rights restricted in
- [386](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/386-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research LITHUANIA Legislation LAW ON ETHNIC MINORITIES (1989, as amended through 29 January 2001) The Lithuanian SSR shall guarantee to all its citizens regardless of ethnicity equal political, economic, and social rights and freedoms, shall recognize its citizens' ethnic identity, the continuity of their culture, and shall promote ethnic consciousness and
- [389](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/389-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research LITHUANIA Legislation LAW ON THE "TERM BANK" No. IX-1950 23 December 2003 Vilnius CHAPTER ONE GENERAL PROVISIONS Article 1. Purpose of the Law This Law concerns: 1)the creation, management, use and funding of the Term Bank of the Republic of Lithuania; 2)the duties, rights and responsibilities of legal and natural
- [473](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/473-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research POLAND Language Research 7. International treaties: Did the country ratify any international treaty dealing with the protection of minorities? Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities signed on February 1, 1995. Updated (April 2001) Poland was one of the first states that signed the Framework Convention on the Protection of
- [489](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/489-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research PORTUGAL Language Research 7. International treaties: Did the country ratify any international treaty dealing with the protection of minorities? Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities signed on February 1, 1995. Updated (June 2002) Although the Portugal does not recognize the existence of any national minority within its borders, in
- [511](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/511-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research ROMANIA Legislation Central Electoral Office Decision on access of the organizations of persons belonging to national minorities to broadcasting time Central Electoral Office, Decision No. 18/ 1996 May 20, 1996 To bypass the different interpretations of the provisions of Article 57 paragraph 2 from Law no. 70/1991 concerning the right
- [550](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/550-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research SLOVENIA Language Research 2. Background: Background notes Independence achieved on June 25, 1991 from Yugoslavia. Updated (May 2005) Slavs settled on the territory of present Slovenia in the 6th Century. The Slavic Duchy of Carantania, which is considered to be the first Slovene state, was established in the 7th Century, but
- [551](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/551-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research SLOVENIA Language Research 3. Language issues: Where does one observe language to be a problem in the country? The Slovenian State does not yet have a document that would provide "global solutions" to issues of newly formed ethnic communities. Primarily members of the nations of former Yugoslavia--ethnic Serbs, Croats, Kosovar
- [554](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/554-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research SLOVENIA Language Research 6. Language in everyday life: The use of language in everyday life, e.g. education, broadcasting, and other The special protection of minorities in the EMA (ethnically mixed areas) is presented as special rights of the minorities which are listed below: USE OF MINORITY LANGUAGES Bilingual signs, use
- [562](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/562-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research SLOVENIA References CIA -The World Factbook 1999 Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia 2000 Encyclopedia Britannica, © 1999-2000 Britannica.com Inc. Slovenia Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1998, 1999 Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor U.S. Department of State International Constitutional Law (ICL), 1994 - 13 April 2000,
- [537](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/537-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research SLOVAKIA Language Research 5. Costs: What does it cost in terms of money, time and government resources to police the country's language restrictions? HUNGARIANS After 1993, Slovak leadership sought to assert Slovak national identity in opposition to that of the "old enemy" the Hungarians, a minority also living in the
- [540](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/540-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research SLOVAKIA Language Research 8. Miscellaneous: What else can be found about languages and minorities? Updated (January 2002) 2001 (November) Regular Report to the Council of Europe on Slovakia's Progress towards Accession - Human Rights and the Protection of Minorities As mentioned in the previous Regular Reports, human rights and freedoms of
- [542](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/542-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research SLOVAKIA Legislation Constitution (Adopted on September 1, 1992) (Document Status on September 1, 1992) Article 6 (1) Slovak is the state language on the territory of the Slovak Republic. (2) The use of other languages in dealings with the authorities will be regulated by law. Article 12 (2) Fundamental rights
- [591](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/591-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research SWEDEN Language Research 5. Costs: What does it cost in terms of money, time and government resources to police the country's language restrictions? According to the fact sheet published by the Ministry of Culture in June 1999, the government calculated SEK 10 million per year from 2000, as a response
- [594](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/594-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research SWEDEN Language Research 8. Miscellaneous: What else can be found about languages and minorities? The Finnish-speaking community in Sweden doubt whether the implementation of the new system of local government will benefit their linguistic rights. The Finns are a long-established community in Sweden, though they are now scattered over certain
- [596](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/596-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research SWEDEN Legislation Law on the right to use Saami in relations with public administration Territory of enforcement of the law 1. The present law will be enforced in those relations with the authorities of the state, local or regional administration in a geographical territory of activities which partially or entirelly
- [597](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/597-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research SWEDEN Legislation Law on the right to use Saami in relations with public administration Territory of enforcement of the law 1. The present law will be enforced in those relations with the authorities of the state, local or regional administration in a geographical territory of activities which partially or entirelly
- [599](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/599-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research SWEDEN Legislation National Minorities in Sweden Ministry of Culture June 1999 In the Government Bill National Minorities in Sweden, the Government presents its proposals for a unified Swedish minorities policy for the protection of national minorities in Sweden. A number of measures are proposed aimed at strengthening the situation of
- [159](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/159-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research CROATIA Language Research 5. Costs: What does it cost in terms of money, time and government resources to police the country's language restrictions? Updated (October 2005) THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE PUBLISHED A REPORT ON MINORITY LANGUAGES IN CROATIA Through a report issued on September 8, 2005 the Council of Europe
- [779](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/779-2/) - KAZAKHSTAN Legislation Constitution Constitution as adopted by referendum on August 30, 1995 Article 7 (1) The State language of the republic of Kazakhstan shall be the Kazakh language. (2) In State institutions and local self- administrative bodies, the Russian language shall be officially used on equal grounds along with the Kazakh language. (3) The State
- [421](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/421-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research MACEDONIA References CIA -The World Factbook 1999 Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia 2000 Encyclopedia Britannica, © 1999-2000 Britannica.com Inc. Macedonia Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1998, 1999 Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor U.S. Department of State International Constitutional Law (ICL), 1994 - 13 April 2000,
- [428](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/428-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research MOLDOVA Language Research 5. Costs: What does it cost in terms of money, time and government resources to police the country's language restrictions? Updated (October 2002) GAGAUZ Gagauz identity remains confused because, as a consequence of totalitarian past and russification, the majority of people continue to speak Russian instead of their
- [429](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/429-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research MOLDOVA Language Research 6. Language in everyday life: The use of language in everyday life, e.g. education, broadcasting, and other The use of the Moldovan or Russian languages in relations with administrative bodies and public services is the choice of every individual citizen. The Law also guarantees the use of
- [435](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/435-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research MOLDOVA Legislation Law of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic On the Status of the State Language of the Moldavian SSR (Adopted on August 31, 1989) For the purpose of removing deformations in the language construction in the Moldavian SSR, of state protection of the Moldavian language which is one of
- [73](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/73-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research ALBANIA General Information Capital: Tiranë Area: 28,750 sq km (11,100 sq mi) Form of government Unitary multiparty republic with a single legislative body GDP per capita Purchasing power parity - $1,650 (1999 est) Population 3,364,571 (July 1999 est.) Ethnic composition Albanian - 95% Greek - 3% Other - 2% (Vlachs,
- [74](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/74-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research ALBANIA Language Research 1. Legislation: Legislation dealing with the use of languages The Draft Constitution of the Republic of Albania, adopted on August 4, 1998 Education Act Updated (August 2002) According to the Constitution (Article 14) the official language in the Republic of Albania is Albanian, the national minorities, under Article
- [75](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/75-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research ALBANIA Language Research 2. Background: Background notes In 1990 Albania ended 44 years of xenophobic communist rule and established a multiparty democracy. The transition has proven difficult, as corrupt governments have tried to deal with severe unemployment, the collapse of a fraudulent nationwide investment scheme, widespread gangsterism, and massive refugee
- [76](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/76-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research ALBANIA Language Research 3. Language issues: Where does one observe language to be a problem in the country? The Greek minority, whose number was estimated at about 70,000, continues to complain of a lack of opportunity for Greek-language education, although some improvements have been made in recent years in primary
- [77](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/77-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research ALBANIA Language Research 4. Minority groups: To what extent are minority groups in this country disadvantaged by their language? Updated (August 2002) According to the Council's of Europe 2001 Country Report members of the national minorities use their languages freely in their daily life, in communication with one another, in public
- [518](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/518-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research RUSSIA Language Research 2. Background: Background notes East Slavic peoples, mainly Russian but also Ukrainian and Belarusian, form over 85% of the total population and are prevalent throughout the Federation. The Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Eastern Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD, and the first
- [83](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/83-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research ALBANIA Legislation Draft Constitution 1998 (Adopted on August 4, 1998) (Document Status on August 4,1998) (Note: The 1998 Draft Constitution has been approved by parliament on October 21, 1998.) Article 14 The official language in the Republic of Albania is Albanian. Article 18 No one may be unjustly discriminated against
- [84](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/84-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research ALBANIA References CIA –The World Factbook 1999 Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia 2000 Encyclopedia Britannica, © 1999-2000 Britannica.com Inc. Albania Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1998, 1999, Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State International Constitutional Law (ICL), 1994 – 13 April 2000,
- [678](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/678-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research ARMENIA Language Research 3. Language issues: Where does one observe language to be a problem in the country? The Law on Language provides linguistic minorities with the right to publish and study in their native language. There are token publications in minority languages, but the Government has devoted minimal resources
- [696](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/696-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research AZERBAIJAN Language Research 7. International treaties: Did the country ratify any international treaty dealing with the protection of minorities? Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities ratified on June 26, 2000 and enacted on October 1, 2000. Updated (January 2001) Agshin Mekhtiev, the permanent representative of Azerbaijan in the Council
- [651](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/651-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research YUGOSLAVIA Language Research 4. Minority groups: To what extent are minority groups in this country disadvantaged by their language? The Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, in contrast to the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija, is an example of a markedly multi-ethnic community. The manifestation, preservation and promotion of ethnic affiliation
- [653](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/653-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research YUGOSLAVIA Language Research 6. Language in everyday life: The use of language in everyday life, e.g. education, broadcasting, and other VOJVODINA In Vojvodina, the teaching in primary school is in five different languages (Serbian, Hungarian, Slovak, Romanian and Ruthenian) and in secondary schools in four minority languages. College and university
- [655](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/655-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research YUGOSLAVIA Language Research 8. Miscellaneous: What else can be found about languages and minorities? KOSOVO According to an article written by David Pryce-Jones and published in the National Review on April 19, 1999 the situation in Kosovo is comparable with that in Germany during the Second World War. In 1993
- [129](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/129-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research BOSNIA Language Research 2. Background: Background notes Independence from Yugoslavia on April of 1992 The Bosnian conflict began in the spring of 1992 when the government of Bosnia and Herzegovina held a referendum on independence. The Bosnian Serbs, supported by neighboring Serbia, responded with armed resistance aimed at partitioning the
- [605](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/605-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research SWITZERLAND Language Research 2. Background: Background notes Switzerland's independence (August 1, 1291) and neutrality have long been honored by the major European powers and Switzerland did not participate in either World War I or II. The political and economic integration of Europe since World War II may be rendering obsolete
- [614](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/614-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research SWITZERLAND Legislation Miscellaneous “The Derung case” The village of St. Martin used to have 60 inhabitants, most of whom spoke German, while a 20% minority spoke Romansh. There was a teacher in the German school whose mother tongue was Romansh. Two neighboring villages had Romansh schools. The Derungs, a Romansh
- [803](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/803-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research PAKISTAN Language Research 6. Language in everyday life: The use of language in everyday life, e.g. education, broadcasting, and other In the early 1990's, there were over 1,500 newspapers and journals in the country, including publications in Urdu, English, and in regional languages as well. The major national daily newspapers
- [811](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/811-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research SINGAPORE Language Research 1. Legislation: Legislation dealing with the use of languages Singapore Constitution as adopted on September 1963 The Administration of Muslim Law Act Republic of Singapore (1968) relating to Muslims and providing for the regulation of Muslim religious affairs through the establishment of a council to advise on
- [812](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/812-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research SINGAPORE Language Research 2. Background: Background notes Independence was achieved from Malaysia on August 9, 1965. The Constitution was drafted on June 3, 1959 and amended in 1965 was based on pre-independence State of Singapore Constitution. The Republic of Singapore, an independent city-state in Southeast Asia, is comprised of one
- [821](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/821-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research SINGAPORE Legislation Excerpts from the Administration of Muslim Law Act Republic of Singapore (1968) CHAPTER 3 LANGUAGE AND RECORD 38. (1) The languages of the Court shall be the national language and English. (2) All documents and written proceedings may be written or typewritten in the national language (Jawi or
- [822](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/822-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research SINGAPORE References CIA -The World Factbook 2000 Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia 2000 Encyclopedia Britannica, © 1999-2000 Britannica.com Inc. Website of the United Nations Statistics Division; Copyright © United Nations 1998. All rights reserved Singapore Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1999, Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and
- [841](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/841-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research SYRIA Language Research 3. Language issues: Where does one observe language to be a problem in the country? KURDISH MINORITY The Government generally permits national and ethnic minorities to conduct traditional, religious, and cultural activities, however, the Government's attitude toward the Kurdish minority is a significant exception to this policy.
- [852](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/852-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research TAJIKISTAN Language Research 1. Legislation: Legislation dealing with the use of languages The Constitution, adopted on November 6, 1994 The new Tajik Constitution declares Tajik as the state language of the Republic. However, Russian is established as a language of inter-ethnic communication. All ethnic groups are provided with the right
- [708](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/708-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research BURMA Language Research 5. Costs: What does it cost in terms of money, time and government resources to police the country's language restrictions?Data unavailable.
- [861](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/861-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research TAJIKISTAN Legislation Constitution Constitution as adopted on November 6, 1994 Article 2 The state language of Tajikistan is Tajik. Russian is a language of inter-ethnic communication. All nations and peoples residing on the territory of the republic have the right to use freely their native languages. Article 17 All persons
- [745](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/745-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research INDONESIA Language Research 1. Legislation: Legislation dealing with the use of languagesThe Constitution of Indonesia adopted in August of 1945.
- [746](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/746-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research INDONESIA Language Research 2. Background: Background notes Indonesia consists of 17,000 islands and over 200 million people and it is the fourth most populous country in the world. There is a considerable diversity concerning the languages used in Indonesia. There are 669 Austronesian and Papuan languages that can be found
- [752](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/752-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research INDONESIA Language Research 8. Miscellaneous: What else can be found about languages and minorities?Data unavailable.
- [759](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/759-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research ISRAEL Language Research 2. Background: Background notesIndependence was achieved on May 14, 1948 through a League of Nations mandate under British administration. There is no formal Constitution in Israel. Many of the functions of a constitution are filled by such legislation as the Declaration of Establishment (1948), the Basic Laws of
- [761](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/761-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research ISRAEL Language Research 4. Minority groups: To what extent are minority groups in this country disadvantaged by their language?Data unavailable.
- [766](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/766-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research ISRAEL Language Research 9. Conclusion: Final RemarksData unavailable.
- [664](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/664-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research AUSTRALIA Language Research 2. Background: Background notes Independence achieved from the U.K. on January 1, 1901 (federation of UK colonies) Constitution was ratified on July 9, 1900 and became effective on January 1, 1901. Australia became a commonwealth of the British Empire in 1901. It was able to take advantage
- [672](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/672-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research AUSTRALIA Legislation The Aboriginal Languages by Region Languages by region A region code: W, A, K, N, C, To, Y, G, L, S, D, E A Badimaya Banjima Gardudjarra Gugada Karajarri Kaurna Kimberley languages Kukatja Malyangapa Mangarla Manjiljarra Martuthunira Martuwangka Mirniny Nawo Ngaanyatjarra Ngarla Ngarluma Ngatjumaya Nyamal Nyangumarta Nyiyaparli Pankarla
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- [Many Languages One America](https://usefoundation.org/research/publications/many-languages-one-america/) - U.S. English Foundation Research Many Languages, One America: 2014 Throughout the history of the United States, many languages have risen to the rank of ‘most important foreign language to know.’ A century ago, this title was bestowed on German. In subsequent years, the spotlight moved to French, then Japanese, and today is cast on
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- [976](https://usefoundation.org/research/issues/976-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research Was German the Official language of America? THE GERMAN LANGUAGE IN AMERICA: FACT AND FICTION Myth: German missed becoming the official language of the United States by a margin of one vote. Reality: There was no vote on German as the official language of the United States. The Library of
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- [AUSTRIA General Information](https://usefoundation.org/austriageneralinformation/) - U.S. English Foundation Research AUSTRIA General Information Capital: Vienna 1,539,848 (1991 est.) Area: 83,858 sq km (32,378 sq mi) Form of government Federal Republic GDP per capita Purchasing power parity–$23,400 (1999 est.) Population 8,139,299 (July 1999 est.) Ethnic composition German - 99.4% Croatian - 0.3% Slovene - 0.2% Other - 0.1% (Hungarians, Czech and Slovak,
- [AUSTRIA Language Research](https://usefoundation.org/austria-language-research/) - U.S. English Foundation Research AUSTRIA Language Research 1. Legislation: Legislation dealing with the use of languages The Constitution of the Republic of Austria, adopted in 1929 Protection of minority status in Austria has been legislated since 1976. However, this law has not been universally applied. On November 5, 1992, Austria signed the European Charter for
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- [AUSTRIA Language issues](https://usefoundation.org/austria-language-issues/) - U.S. English Foundation Research AUSTRIA Language Research 3. Language issues: Where does one observe language to be a problem in the country? Since 1995, the Centre of Ethnic Groups of Austria ("Österreichisches Volksgruppenzentrum") has submitted proposals for a new fundamental law for minorities in Austria. The Hungarians and Croats of Burgenland, along with the Slovenes
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- [AUSTRIA Language Research Costs](https://usefoundation.org/austria-language-research-costs/) - U.S. English Foundation Research AUSTRIA Language Research 5. Costs: What does it cost in terms of money, time and government resources to police the country's language restrictions? Updated (June 2005) FIVE NEW BILINGUAL SIGNS UNVEILED BUT HIGH COURT RULING REMAINS UNFULFILLED At the beginning of May, during a folk festival, the Chancellor Wolfgang Schüssel and
- [AUSTRIA Language Research Language in everyday life](https://usefoundation.org/austria-language-research-language-in-everyday-life/) - U.S. English Foundation Research AUSTRIA Language Research 6. Language in everyday life: The use of language in everyday life, e.g. education, broadcasting, and other SLOVENE LANGUAGE Is used in education but a number of difficulties pertain to Slovene educational efforts. Carinthia: For several decades there was a complete lack of bilingual kindergartens in southern Carinthia.
- [AUSTRIA Language Research Miscellaneous](https://usefoundation.org/austria-language-research-miscellaneous/) - U.S. English Foundation Research AUSTRIA Language Research 8. Miscellaneous: What else can be found about languages and minorities? An amendment to the Austrian Constitution was passed on July 7, 2000 in Parliament aimed at strengthening the respect, safeguard, and promotion of the recognized minorities of the country. Whether it will lead to a revision of
- [AUSTRIA Legislation Constitution](https://usefoundation.org/austria-legislation-constitution/) - U.S. English Foundation Research AUSTRIA Legislation Constitution (Adopted in 1929) (Document Status on July 1, 1983) Article 8 Without prejudice to the rights provided by federal law for linguistic minorities, German is the official language of the Republic. Article 14 (6) Public schools are those schools, which are established and maintained by authorities so required
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- [ESTONIA General Information](https://usefoundation.org/estonia-general-information/) - U.S. English Foundation Research ESTONIA General Information Capital: Tallinn 427,500 (1996 est.) Area: 45,227 sq km (17,400 sq mi) Form of government Unitary multiparty republic with a single legislative body GDP per capita Purchasing power parity-$5,600 (1999 est.) Population 1,408,523 (July 1999 est.) Updated (August 2008) In 2007, there were 1,342,409 residents in Estonia, of
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- [82](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/82-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research ALBANIA Language Research 9. Conclusion: Final Remarks The Government seems to have played a constructive role in maintaining the nation's generally positive record on the treatment of minorities. There are two main minority populations, ethnic Greeks and Macedonians. While no recent official statistics exist regarding the size of the various
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- [ESTONIA](https://usefoundation.org/estonia/) - U.S. English Foundation Research ESTONIA Contents General Information Language Research Legislation Background Language issues Minority groups Costs Language in everyday life International treaties Miscellaneous Conclusion Legislation Constitution Law On Language State Language Knowledge Levels Order Of Using Foreign Languages Language Proficiency Exam Control Over Language Act Fulfillment Mandatory Levels Of Proficiency In Estonian Amendments To
- [AUSTRIA](https://usefoundation.org/austria/) - U.S. English Foundation Research AUSTRIA Contents General Information Language Research Legislation Background Language issues Minority groups Costs Language in everyday life International treaties Miscellaneous Conclusion Legislation Constitution References
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- [AUSTRIA Language Research International treaties](https://usefoundation.org/austria-language-research-international-treaties/) - U.S. English Foundation Research AUSTRIA Language Research 7. International treaties: Did the country ratify any international treaty dealing with the protection of minorities? European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages signed on November 11, 1992. Austria has announced the creation of a new law aimed to provide itself with the legal devices necessary for the
- [Peru Language Research](https://usefoundation.org/peru-language-research/) - U.S. English Foundation Research Peru Language Research Updated (August 2010) The use of language in everyday life, education, broadcasting and other FIRST AYMARA UNIVERSITY IN PERU The first higher education institution for the Aymara, Peru’s indigenous population, will soon become a reality. In May, Education Commission of the Peruvian National Congress approved a proposal
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- [Federal Cases](https://usefoundation.org/legal/federal-cases/) - Legal Defense Federal Court Cases United States Supreme Court On April 24th, 2001 the United States Supreme Court, by a five to four margin, rejected a legal challenge to Alabama's Official English law, which was a tremendous victory for Official English. On January 16, 2001, the U.S. Supreme Court heard oral arguments in Sandoval
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- [16](https://usefoundation.org/research/issues/16-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research Languages Other Than English in the U.S. According to the Census Bureau’s 2006-2008 American Community Survey, released in April 2010, there are currently 325 languages spoken in the United States. They are as follows: Abnaki, Achinese, Achumawi, African, Afrikaans, Ahtena, Alabama, Albanian, Aleut, Algonquian, American Indian, Amharic, Apache, Arabic, Arapaho,
- [671](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/671-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research AUSTRALIA Language Research 9. Conclusion: Final Remarks Data unavailable.
- [670](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/670-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research AUSTRALIA Language Research 8. Miscellaneous: What else can be found about languages and minorities? INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND LANGUAGES When Governor Phillips arrived in 1788, there were approximately 500,000 Aboriginal people in Australia speaking between them over 500 different languages. The people belonging to one tribe spoke the same language and
- [669](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/669-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research AUSTRALIA Language Research 7. International treaties: Did the country ratify any international treaty dealing with the protection of minorities? Data unavailable.
- [667](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/667-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research AUSTRALIA Language Research 5. Costs: What does it cost in terms of money, time and government resources to police the country's language restrictions? Updated (December 2007) INTRODUCING ABORIGINAL LANGUAGES IN SCHOOLS IN NEW SOUTH WALES At the time when Europeans started settling in Australia, around 250 indigenous languages were spoken on
- [666](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/666-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research AUSTRALIA Language Research 4. Minority groups: To what extent are minority groups in this country disadvantaged by their language? Updated (September 2006) AUSTRALIAN PRIME MINISTER CALLS FOR IMMIGRANT TESTS Australian Prime Minister John Howard says new immigrants should pass an English language test before becoming citizens. They will also have to
- [665](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/665-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research AUSTRALIA Language Research 3. Language issues: Where does one observe language to be a problem in the country? Australia is recognized as one of the most successful nations in building a tolerant, inclusive and culturally diverse society. Australia's multicultural policy rests on three principles: the right to cultural identity, the
- [663](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/663-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research AUSTRALIA Language Research 1. Legislation: Legislation dealing with the use of languages There are neither constitutional provisions related to linguistic rights nor language law. Racial Discrimination Act (1975) prohibits discrimination on grounds of race, color, descent, or national/ethnic origin. All states and the federal government have language policies that use
- [767](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/767-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research ISRAEL References CIA -The World Factbook 2000 Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia 2000 Encyclopedia Britannica, © 1999-2000 Britannica.com Inc. Israel Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1999, Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State Website of Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, http://www.israel-mfa.gov.il/ Simi K
- [764](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/764-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research ISRAEL Language Research 7. International treaties: Did the country ratify any international treaty dealing with the protection of minorities? Data unavailable.
- [762](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/762-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research ISRAEL Language Research 5. Costs: What does it cost in terms of money, time and government resources to police the country's language restrictions? Data unavailable.
- [758](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/758-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research ISRAEL Language Research 1. Legislation: Legislation dealing with the use of languages There are no constitutional provisions relating to linguistic rights.
- [755](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/755-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research INDONESIA References CIA -The World Factbook 2000 Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia 2000 Encyclopedia Britannica, © 1999-2000 Britannica.com Inc. Most Clearing House, Linguistic Rights, National Constitutions, Indonesia http://www.unesco.org/most/ln2nat.htm#With Website of the Library of Congress, Country studies, Indonesia (Data as of November 1992) http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/csquery.html Yongmei Li, “Letter Urging International Attention on the Racial
- [753](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/753-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research INDONESIA Language Research 9. Conclusion: Final Remarks Data unavailable.
- [751](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/751-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research INDONESIA Language Research 7. International treaties: Did the country ratify any international treaty dealing with the protection of minorities? Data unavailable.
- [749](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/749-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research INDONESIA Language Research 5. Costs: What does it cost in terms of money, time and government resources to police the country's language restrictions? Data unavailable.
- [748](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/748-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research INDONESIA Language Research 4. Minority groups: To what extent are minority groups in this country disadvantaged by their language? Data unavailable.
- [863](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/863-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research TAJIKISTAN References CIA -The World Factbook 2000 Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia 2000 Encyclopedia Britannica, © 1999-2000 Britannica.com Inc. International Constitutional Law, Tajikistan, http://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/law/index.html Most Clearing House, Linguistic Rights, National Constitutions, Tajikistan http://www.unesco.org/most/ln2nat.htm#With “Language Policies in Central Asia”, Tajikistan, http://soros.org/fmp2/html/laws/index.html 1999 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, released by the Bureau of
- [737](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/737-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research INDIA Language Research 9. Conclusion: Final Remarks Data unavailable.
- [736](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/736-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research INDIA Language Research 8. Miscellaneous: What else can be found about languages and minorities? Data unavailable.
- [735](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/735-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research INDIA Language Research Data unavailable.
- [860](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/860-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research TAJIKISTAN Language Research 9. Conclusion: Final Remarks Data unavailable.
- [858](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/858-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research TAJIKISTAN Language Research 7. International treaties: Did the country ratify any international treaty dealing with the protection of minorities? Data unavailable.
- [856](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/856-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research TAJIKISTAN Language Research 5. Costs: What does it cost in terms of money, time and government resources to police the country's language restrictions? Data unavailable.
- [713](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/713-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research BURMA References CIA -The World Factbook 2000 Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia 2000 Encyclopedia Britannica, © 1999-2000 Britannica.com Inc. Most Clearing House, Linguistic Rights, National Constitutions, Myanmar http://www.unesco.org/most/ln2nat.htm#With “People”, August 24, 1995 http://www.cockatoo.com/english/myanmar/myanmar_people_rohingyas.htm “Ethnic Groups”, http://www.soros.org/burma/index.html “The Nation: Historian tries to save language”; March15, 2000 http://theburmanetnews.editthispage.com/stories/storyReader$238 “Myanmar: ethnic repression”, 1997 Website of
- [712](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/712-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research BURMA Language Research 9. Conclusion: Final Remarks One third of Myanmar's population belongs to a wide variety of ethnic minority groups. Surprisingly, in such complicated surroundings the language issue is not a source of ethnic tension. Ethnic mixture and the military regime have caused mass emigration and violation of human
- [711](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/711-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research BURMA Language Research 8. Miscellaneous: What else can be found about languages and minorities? Data unavailable.
- [710](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/710-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research BURMA Language Research 7. International treaties: Did the country ratify any international treaty dealing with the protection of minorities? Data unavailable.
- [707](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/707-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research BURMA Language Research 4. Minority groups: To what extent are minority groups in this country disadvantaged by their language? Data unavailable.
- [706](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/706-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research BURMA Language Research 3. Language issues: Where does one observe language to be a problem in the country? Ethnic minorities make up about a third of Myanmar's population and live mainly in the mountainous regions bordering Bangladesh, China, India, Laos and Thailand. They have suffered persistent and gross human rights
- [704](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/704-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research BURMA Language Research 1. Legislation: Legislation dealing with the use of languages The country is without constitutional provisions related to linguistic rights. The Constitution, originally adopted on September 24, 1947, was subrogated by a new Constitution drafted on January 3, 1974, has been suspended since September 18, 1988. A national
- [849](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/849-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research SYRIA References CIA -The World Factbook 2000 Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia 2000 Encyclopedia Britannica, © 1999-2000 Britannica.com Inc. Compton's Encyclopedia Online v3.0 © 1998 The Learning Company, Inc. Syria Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1999, Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State
- [847](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/847-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research SYRIA Language Research 9. Conclusion: Final Remarks Data unavailable.
- [846](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/846-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research SYRIA Language Research 8. Miscellaneous: What else can be found about languages and minorities? Data unavailable.
- [845](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/845-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research SYRIA Language Research 7. International treaties: Did the country ratify any international treaty dealing with the protection of minorities? Data unavailable.
- [843](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/843-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research SYRIA Language Research 5. Costs: What does it cost in terms of money, time and government resources to police the country's language restrictions? Data unavailable.
- [626](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/626-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research UKRAINE Language Research 9. Conclusion: Final Remarks Data unavailable.
- [842](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/842-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research SYRIA Language Research 4. Minority groups: To what extent are minority groups in this country disadvantaged by their language? Data unavailable.
- [840](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/840-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research SYRIA Language Research 2. Background: Background notes Independence was achieved on April 17, 1946 from a League of Nations mandate under French administration. Syria is located in the heart of a region that has experienced intense political conflict since World War II. Its strategic location and considerable military power give
- [839](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/839-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research SYRIA Language Research 1. Legislation: Legislation dealing with the use of languages Constitution of the Syrian Arab Republic, adopted on March 13, 1973,
- [836](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/836-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research SRI LANKA References CIA -The World Factbook 2000 Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia 2000 Encyclopedia Britannica, © 1999-2000 Britannica.com Inc. Most Clearing House, Linguistic Rights, National Constitutions, Sri Lanka http://www.unesco.org/most/ln2nat.htm#With “Sri Lanka's ethnic groups”, 1998 http://news1.thls.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/special_report/1998/sri_lanka/newsid_50000/50926.stm “Land and People”, July 29, 1994, http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/c12563e7005aa544c125611e0043b418/2183b15aaab4ac73412563240051398a?OpenDocument “A Brief History of the Conflict in Sri Lanka”
- [833](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/833-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research SRI LANKA Language Research 9. Conclusion: Final Remarks Data unavailable.
- [832](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/832-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research SRI LANKA Language Research 8. Miscellaneous: What else can be found about languages and minorities? Data unavailable.
- [831](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/831-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research SRI LANKA Language Research 7. International treaties: Did the country ratify any international treaty dealing with the protection of minorities? Data unavailable.
- [828](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/828-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research SRI LANKA Language Research 4. Minority groups: To what extent are minority groups in this country disadvantaged by their language? Data unavailable.
- [819](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/819-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research SINGAPORE Language Research 9. Conclusion: Final Remarks Data unavailable.
- [818](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/818-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research SINGAPORE Language Research 8. Miscellaneous: What else can be found about languages and minorities? Data unavailable.
- [817](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/817-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research SINGAPORE Language Research 7. International treaties: Did the country ratify any international treaty dealing with the protection of minorities? Data unavailable.
- [815](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/815-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research SINGAPORE Language Research 5. Costs: What does it cost in terms of money, time and government resources to police the country's language restrictions? Data unavailable.
- [814](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/814-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research SINGAPORE Language Research 4. Minority groups: To what extent are minority groups in this country disadvantaged by their language? Data unavailable.
- [870](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/870-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research TURKEY Language Research 5. Costs: What does it cost in terms of money, time and government resources to police the country's language restrictions? Data unavailable.
- [798](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/798-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research PAKISTAN Language Research 1. Legislation: Legislation dealing with the use of languages The Constitution of Pakistan, which was adopted on April 10, 1973
- [801](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/801-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research PAKISTAN Language Research 4. Minority groups: To what extent are minority groups in this country disadvantaged by their language? Data unavailable.
- [802](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/802-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research PAKISTAN Language Research 5. Costs: What does it cost in terms of money, time and government resources to police the country's language restrictions? Data unavailable.
- [804](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/804-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research PAKISTAN Language Research 7. International treaties: Did the country ratify any international treaty dealing with the protection of minorities? Data unavailable.
- [805](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/805-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research PAKISTAN Language Research 8. Miscellaneous: What else can be found about languages and minorities? Data unavailable.
- [806](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/806-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research PAKISTAN Language Research 9. Conclusion: Final Remarks Data unavailable.
- [808](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/808-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research PAKISTAN References CIA -The World Factbook 2000 Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia 2000 Encyclopedia Britannica, © 1999-2000 Britannica.com Inc. Most Clearing House, Linguistic Rights, National Constitutions, Pakistan http://www.unesco.org/most/ln2nat.htm#With Website of the Library of Congress, Country studies, Pakistan (Data as of April 1994) http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/csquery.html Website of Perry-Castañeda Library, Map Collection, The University of
- [790](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/790-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research KYRGYZSTAN Language Research 7. International treaties: Did the country ratify any international treaty dealing with the protection of minorities? Treaty between the Russian Federation and the Kyrgyz Republic on the Legal Status of Citizens of the Russian Federation Permanently Residing on the Territory of the Kyrgyz Republic, and of Citizens
- [792](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/792-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research KYRGYZSTAN Language Research 9. Conclusion: Final Remarks Data unavailable.
- [795](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/795-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research KYRGYZSTAN References CIA -The World Factbook 2000 Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia 2000 Encyclopedia Britannica, © 1999-2000 Britannica.com Inc. Most Clearing House, Linguistic Rights, National Constitutions, Kyrgyzstan http://www.unesco.org/most/ln2nat.htm#With Soros Foundations Network, http://soros.org/fmp2/html/laws/Zakons/Kyrgizia/ConstKyrgEng.html “Language Policies in Central Asia”, Kyrgyzstan, http://soros.org/fmp2/html/laws/index.html Library of Congress; Kyrgyzstan, http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/D?cstdy:1:./temp/~frd_LTP2:: Website of Perry-Castañeda Library, Map Collection, The University
- [615](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/615-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research SWITZERLAND References CIA -The World Factbook 1999 Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia 2000 Encyclopedia Britannica, © 1999-2000 Britannica.com Inc. Website "Confederatio Helvetica", The Federal Authorities of the Swiss Confederation, http://www.admin.ch/ch/index.en.html Lia Rumantscha, Chur, 1996, "Rhaeto-Romansh, Facts and Figures" P. Lang, 1997:"Cultural democracy and Ethnic pluralism", article "Language Policies and Education in Switzerland"
- [610](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/610-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research SWITZERLAND Language Research 7. International treaties: Did the country ratify any international treaty dealing with the protection of minorities? The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages signed on October 8,1993, ratified on December 23, 1997 and enacted on April 1, 1998. The Framework Convention for the Protection of National
- [131](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/131-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research BOSNIA Language Research 4. Minority groups: To what extent are minority groups in this country disadvantaged by their language? Data unavailable.
- [660](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/660-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research YUGOSLAVIA References CIA -The World Factbook 1999 Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia 2000 Encyclopedia Britannica, © 1999-2000 Britannica.com Inc. International Constitutional Law (ICL), 1994 - 13 April 2000, University of Wuerzburg, http://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/law/info.html Website of the Library of Congress, Country studies, Yugoslavia, http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ Website of the Government of Yugoslavia, "Constitutional and Legal Regulations",
- [656](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/656-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research YUGOSLAVIA Language Research 9. Conclusion: Final Remarks Data unavailable.
- [650](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/650-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research YUGOSLAVIA Language Research 3. Language issues: Where does one observe language to be a problem in the country? The minority problem is extremely politicized in Yugoslavia. The situation is generally described as one where, despite proclaimed principles of equality and non-discrimination, the ethnic minorities are more and more often facing
- [701](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/701-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research AZERBAIJAN References CIA -The World Factbook 1999 Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia 2000 Encyclopedia Britannica, © 1999-2000 Britannica.com Inc. Azerbaijan Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1998, 1999, Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor U.S. Department of State International Constitutional Law (ICL), 1994 - 13 April 2000,
- [698](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/698-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research AZERBAIJAN Language Research 9. Conclusion: Final Remarks Data unavailable.
- [694](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/694-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research AZERBAIJAN Language Research 5. Costs: What does it cost in terms of money, time and government resources to police the country's language restrictions? Data unavailable.
- [693](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/693-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research AZERBAIJAN Language Research 4. Minority groups: To what extent are minority groups in this country disadvantaged by their language? Data unavailable.
- [691](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/691-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research AZERBAIJAN Language Research 2. Background: Background notes In 1806, the Russians conquered Azerbaijan, a region of Turkic Muslim people. In 1918, Azerbaijan declared independence from Russia, but was incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1920. It again declared its independence on August 30, 1991, following the collapse of the USSR.
- [683](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/683-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research ARMENIA Language Research 8. Miscellaneous: What else can be found about languages and minorities? Data unavailable.
- [680](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/680-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research ARMENIA Language Research 5. Costs: What does it cost in terms of money, time and government resources to police the country's language restrictions? Data unavailable.
- [679](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/679-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research ARMENIA Language Research 4. Minority groups: To what extent are minority groups in this country disadvantaged by their language? Data unavailable.
- [649](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/649-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research YUGOSLAVIA Language Research 2. Background: Background notes Serbia and Montenegro have asserted the formation of a joint independent state but this entity has not been formally recognized as a state by the US. The US view is that the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) has dissolved and none of
- [530](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/530-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research RUSSIA References CIA -The World Factbook 1999 Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia 2000 Encyclopedia Britannica, © 1999-2000 Britannica.com Inc. Website of the Library of Congress, Country studies, Russia, http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ Lexis-Nexis, "Languages of the RSFSR Peoples Act" V.P.Neroznak, 1999, "Language laws of peoples of the Russian federation and programming the language development" Harold
- [526](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/526-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research RUSSIA Legislation Constitution (Adopted on December 12, 1993) (Document Status on December 12, 1993) Article 19 2. The state shall guarantee the equality of rights and liberties regardless of sex, race, nationality, language, origin, property or employment status, residence, attitude to religion, convictions, membership of public associations or any other
- [525](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/525-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research RUSSIA Language Research 9. Conclusion: Final Remarks Russia has many problems other than the issue of minorities and their languages. It is a country where, according to the Constitution and the Decree on a Language, minorities are respected from the language point of view and they can use their language
- [81](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/81-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research ALBANIA Language Research 8. Miscellaneous: What else can be found about languages and minorities? Data unavailable.
- [80](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/80-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research ALBANIA Language Research 7. International treaties: Did the country ratify any international treaty dealing with the protection of minorities? Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities signed on June 29, 1995, ratified on September 28, 1999 and enacted on January 1, 2000.
- [79](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/79-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research ALBANIA Language Research 6. Language in everyday life: The use of language in everyday life, e.g. education, broadcasting, and other A Greek primary school was opened in Tirana and Greek may be offered as a foreign language in any public school. There is a Greek chair at the University of
- [523](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/523-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research RUSSIA Language Research 7. International treaties: Did the country ratify any international treaty dealing with the protection of minorities? Russia signed the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (February 28, 1996) and enacted on December 1, 1998. Updated (May 2001) On May 10, 2001 Russia signed the Council of
- [78](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/78-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research ALBANIA Language Research 5. Costs: What does it cost in terms of money, time and government resources to police the country's language restrictions? Data unavailable.
- [521](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/521-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research RUSSIA Language Research 5. Costs: What does it cost in terms of money, time and government resources to police the country's language restrictions? Data unavailable.
- [519](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/519-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research RUSSIA Language Research 3. Language issues: Where does one observe language to be a problem in the country? Article 26 of the Russian Constitution (1993) declares that everyone shall have the right to determine and to state his national identity. Everyone shall have the right to use his native language,
- [464](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/464-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research NORWAY References CIA -The World Factbook 1999 Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia 2000 Encyclopedia Britannica, © 1999-2000 Britannica.com Inc. Elina Helander, April 1992, "The Sami of Norway", website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, http://www.odin.dep.no Professor Eyvind Fjeld Halvorsen, January 1997, "Norway: Small country with two written languages", website of the Ministry
- [460](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/460-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research NORWAY Language Research 8. Miscellaneous: What else can be found about languages and minorities? Data unavailable.
- [455](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/455-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research NORWAY Language Research 3. Language issues: Where does one observe language to be a problem in the country? Data unavailable.
- [438](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/438-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research MOLDOVA References CIA -The World Factbook 1999 Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia 2000 Encyclopedia Britannica, &coy; 1999-2000 Britannica.com Inc. Website Library of Congress, Country studies, Moldova (Data as of June 1995), http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ Moldova Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1999, Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S.
- [432](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/432-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research MOLDOVA Language Research 9. Conclusion: Final Remarks Data unavailable.
- [430](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/430-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research MOLDOVA Language Research 7. International treaties: Did the country ratify any international treaty dealing with the protection of minorities? UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights (December 10, 1948) adopted and proclaimed by General Assembly resolution 217 A (III) The Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities was signed on
- [427](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/427-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research MOLDOVA Language Research 4. Minority groups: To what extent are minority groups in this country disadvantaged by their language? Data unavailable.
- [414](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/414-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research MACEDONIA Language Research 9. Conclusion: Final Remarks Data unavailable.
- [413](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/413-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research MACEDONIA Language Research 8. Miscellaneous: What else can be found about languages and minorities? Data unavailable.
- [412](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/412-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research MACEDONIA Language Research 7. International treaties: Did the country ratify any international treaty dealing with the protection of minorities? European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages signed on July 25, 1996. Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities signed on July 25 of 1996, ratified on April 10, 1997
- [410](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/410-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research MACEDONIA Language Research 5. Costs: What does it cost in terms of money, time and government resources to police the country's language restrictions? Ethnic tensions and prejudices are present in Macedonian society. The Government is committed to a policy of peaceful integration of all ethnic groups but faces political resistance
- [781](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/781-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research KAZAKHSTAN References CIA -The World Factbook 2000 Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia 2000 Encyclopedia Britannica, © 1999-2000 Britannica.com Inc. Most Clearing House, Linguistic Rights, National Constitutions, Kazakhstan http://www.unesco.org/most/ln2nat.htm#With “Language Policies in Central Asia”, Kazakhstan, http://soros.org/fmp2/html/laws/index.html Library of Congress, Kazakhstan, http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/D?cstdy:2:./temp/~frd_j0k5 Kazakhstan, Introduction, http://soros.org/fmp2/html/laws/Zakons/Kazahstan/KazEng.html Eurasianet website, news, Kazakhstan http://www.eurasianet.org/resource/kazakhstan/hypermail/200010/ Website of Perry-Castañeda Library,
- [778](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/778-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research KAZAKHSTAN Language Research 9. Conclusion: Final Remarks Data unavailable.
- [776](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/776-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research KAZAKHSTAN Language Research 7. International treaties: Did the country ratify any international treaty dealing with the protection of minorities? The Treaty Between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan on the Legal Status of the Citizens of the Russian Federation, permanently residing in the Territory of the Republic of
- [158](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/158-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research CROATIA Language Research 4. Minority groups: To what extent are minority groups in this country disadvantaged by their language? Data unavailable.
- [644](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/644-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research UNITED KINGDOM References CIA -The World Factbook 1999 Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia 2000 Encyclopedia Britannica, © 1999-2000 Britannica.com Inc. The European Bureau for Lesser Used Languages (Brussels and Dublin Office), Minority languages-United Kingdom, http://www.eblul.org/ Euromosaic Report on United Kingdom, (produced by the Institut de Sociolingüística Catalana (Barcelona), Centre de Recherche sur
- [641](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/641-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research UNITED KINGDOM Language Research 9. Conclusion: Final Remarks Data unavailable.
- [593](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/593-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research SWEDEN Language Research 7. International treaties: Did the country ratify any international treaty dealing with the protection of minorities? Sweden ratified the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities on February 9, 2000 and enacted on June 1, 2000. European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages signed on February
- [584](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/584-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research SPAIN References CIA -The World Factbook 1999 Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia 2000 Encyclopedia Britannica, © 1999-2000 Britannica.com Inc. International Constitutional Law (ICL), 1994 - 13 April 2000, University of Wuerzburg, http://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/law/info.html Euromosaic Report on Spain, (produced by the Institut de Sociolingüística Catalana (Barcelona), Centre de Recherche sur le plurilinguisme (Brussels), and Research
- [573](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/573-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research SPAIN Language Research 9. Conclusion: Final Remarks Data unavailable.
- [546](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/546-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research SLOVAKIA References CIA -The World Factbook 1999 Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia 2000 Encyclopedia Britannica, © 1999-2000 Britannica.com Inc. International Constitutional Law (ICL), 1994 - 13 April 2000, University of Wuerzburg, http://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/law/info.html Website "Slovakia" (The guide to the Slovak Republic), Society, http://slovakia.org Website of the Ministry of Culture of the Slovak Republic,
- [541](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/541-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research SLOVAKIA Language Research 9. Conclusion: Final Remarks Data unavailable.
- [557](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/557-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research SLOVENIA Language Research 9. Conclusion: Final Remarks Data unavailable.
- [556](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/556-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research SLOVENIA Language Research 8. Miscellaneous: What else can be found about languages and minorities? Data unavailable.
- [553](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/553-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research SLOVENIA Language Research 5. Costs: What does it cost in terms of money, time and government resources to police the country's language restrictions? Data unavailable.
- [514](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/514-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research ROMANIA References CIA -The World Factbook 1999 Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia 2000 Encyclopedia Britannica, © 1999-2000 Britannica.com Inc. International Constitutional Law (ICL), 1994 - 13 April 2000, University of Wuerzburg, http://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/law/info.html Website "Határon Túli Magyarok Hivatala" (Government Office for Hungarian Minorities Abroad) "The Hungarian national minority in Rumania-1997", http://www.htmh.hu/english.htm Website of
- [506](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/506-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research ROMANIA Language Research 9. Conclusion: Final Remarks Data unavailable.
- [492](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/492-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research PORTUGAL Legislation Constitution (Adopted on April 2, 1976) (Document Status in 1997) Article 9 The basic tasks of the State are: f) To safeguard instruction in, and a constant increase in respect for, the Portuguese language, to defend its use and to promote its international currency. Article 13 (2) No
- [490](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/490-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research PORTUGAL Language Research 8. Miscellaneous: What else can be found about languages and minorities? Data unavailable.
- [487](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/487-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research PORTUGAL Language Research 5. Costs: What does it cost in terms of money, time and government resources to police the country's language restrictions? Data unavailable.
- [486](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/486-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research PORTUGAL Language Research 4. Minority groups: To what extent are minority groups in this country disadvantaged by their language? Data unavailable.
- [485](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/485-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research PORTUGAL Language Research 3. Language issues: Where does one observe language to be a problem in the country? Data unavailable.
- [480](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/480-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research POLAND References CIA -The World Factbook 1999 Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia 2000 Encyclopedia Britannica, © 1999-2000 Britannica.com Inc. International Constitutional Law (ICL), 1994 - 13 April 2000, University of Wuerzburg, http://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/law/info.html Poland Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1996 and 1999, Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and
- [450](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/450-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research NETHERLANDS References CIA -The World Factbook 1999 Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia 2000 Encyclopedia Britannica, © 1999-2000 Britannica.com Inc. Euromosaic Report on Netherlands (produced by the Institut de Sociolingüística Catalana (Barcelona), Centre de Recherche sur le plurilinguisme (Brussels), and Research Centre Wales (Bangor)), http://www.uoc.es/euromosaic/web/homean/index1.html Website of the Commitee for International Cooperation in
- [475](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/475-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research POLAND Language Research 9. Conclusion: Final Remarks Data unavailable.
- [449](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/449-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research NETHERLANDS Language Research 9. Conclusion: Final Remarks Data unavailable.
- [448](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/448-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research NETHERLANDS Language Research 8. Miscellaneous: What else can be found about languages and minorities? Up until the end of World War II there was limited diversity among nationalities of the Netherlands. Nine out of every ten immigrants were from neighbouring countries of Belgium and Germany, and the majority were women
- [471](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/471-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research POLAND Language Research 5. Costs: What does it cost in terms of money, time and government resources to police the country's language restrictions? Data unavailable.
- [447](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/447-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research NETHERLANDS Language Research 7. International treaties: Did the country ratify any international treaty dealing with the protection of minorities? The Framework Convention for the Protection National Minorities signed on February 1, 1995. The European Charter for Regional or Minority languages signed on November 5, 1992, ratified on May 2, 1996
- [470](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/470-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research POLAND Language Research 4. Minority groups: To what extent are minority groups in this country disadvantaged by their language? Data unavailable.
- [469](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/469-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research POLAND Language Research 3. Language issues: Where does one observe language to be a problem in the country? The law provides for the educational rights of ethnic minorities, including the right to be taught in their own language. However, controversy has arisen over the publishing of Lithuanian textbooks. In February
- [444](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/444-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research NETHERLANDS Language Research 4. Minority groups: To what extent are minority groups in this country disadvantaged by their language? The unemployment rate in the Netherlands is highest among low-skilled and unskilled workers. Migrants are over-represented in these two groups. The employment prospects for ethnic minorities and people with a low
- [442](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/442-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research NETHERLANDS Language Research 2. Background: Background notes The Netherlands is one of the world's most densely populated countries. The Dutch make up the great majority of the population and they are mostly descended from Franks, Frisians, and Saxons. Fearing overpopulation, the government encouraged Dutch emigration after World War II, and
- [403](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/403-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research LUXEMBOURG References CIA -The World Factbook 1999 Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia 2000 Encyclopedia Britannica, © 1999-2000 Britannica.com Inc. The European Bureau for Lesser Used Languages (Brussels and Dublin Office), Minority languages-Luxembourg, http://www.eblul.org/ Website of the European Center for Minority Issues, http://www.ecmi.de Website of Euromosaic, Lugembourg, http://www.uoc.es/euromosaic/web/homean/index1.html Website of Perry-Castañeda Library, El
- [402](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/402-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research LUXEMBOURG Legislation Constitution (Adopted on October 17, 1868) (Document Status November 5, 1998) Article 29 (Language) The law shall regulate the use of languages in administrative and judicial matters. Note: The complete text of the Constitution and further information on the constitutional background of Italy are provided by the International
- [400](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/400-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research LUXEMBOURG Language Research 8. Miscellaneous: What else can be found about languages and minorities? Data unavailable.
- [399](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/399-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research LUXEMBOURG Language Research 7. International treaties: Did the country ratify any international treaty dealing with the protection of minorities? Luxembourg signed the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages on November 5, 1992. Luxembourg signed the Convention for the Protection of National Minorities on July 20, 1995.
- [381](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/381-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research LITHUANIA Language Research 9. Conclusion: Final Remarks Data unavailable.
- [379](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/379-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research LITHUANIA Language Research 7. International treaties: Did the country ratify any international treaty dealing with the protection of minorities? Lithuania signed the Convention for the Protection of National Minorities on February 1, 1995, ratified it on March 23, 2000 and enacted on July 1, 2000.
- [397](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/397-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research LUXEMBOURG Language Research 5. Costs: What does it cost in terms of money, time and government resources to police the country's language restrictions? Data unavailable.
- [377](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/377-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research LITHUANIA Language Research 5. Costs: What does it cost in terms of money, time and government resources to police the country's language restrictions? Data unavailable.
- [396](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/396-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research LUXEMBOURG Language Research 4. Minority groups: To what extent are minority groups in this country disadvantaged by their language? Data unavailable.
- [395](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/395-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research LUXEMBOURG Language Research 3. Language issues: Where does one observe language to be a problem in the country? Data unavailable.
- [365](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/365-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research LATVIA Legislation Information on Naturalization Process (January 1, 1995 - August 31, 2002) Source: http://www.np.gov.lv/en/fakti/files/stat_angl.xls, web page of the Naturalization Board of the Republic of Latvia Top of page
- [361](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/361-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research LATVIA Legislation Breakdown of Positions and Professions According to the Necessary State Language Proficiency Level and Degree To the Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers No 296 of 22 August 2000 Breakdown of positions and professions according to the necessary state language proficiency level and degree is approximated with the
- [238j](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/238j/) - U.S. English Foundation Research FRANCE Language Research 9. Conclusion: Final Remarks Data unavailable.
- [211](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/211-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research ESTONIA Legislation Law On Amendments To The Language Law Announced by the President of the Estonian Republic On December 19, 2003 Decision Nr. 495 Passed on December 10, 2003 Article 1 The Language Law (RT I 1995, 23, 334; 1996, 37, 739; 40, 773; 1997, 69, 1110; 1998, 98/99, 1618;
- [223](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/223-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research FINLAND Language Research 5. Costs: What does it cost in terms of money, time and government resources to police the country's language restrictions? Updated (April 2007) NEW SÁMI CULTURAL CENTER TO BE BUILD A new cultural center for the Sámi people is to be built in the town of Inari, the
- [180](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/180-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research CZECH REPUBLIC References CIA -The World Factbook 1999 Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia 2000 Encyclopedia Britannica, © 1999-2000 Britannica.com Inc. International Constitutional Law (ICL), 1994 - 13 April 2000, University of Wuerzburg, http://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/law/info.html High Commissioner on National minorities, Report on the Linguistic Rights of Persons Belonging to National Minorities in the OSCE
- [187](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/187-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research DENMARK Language Research 5. Costs: What does it cost in terms of money, time and government resources to police the country's language restrictions? Updated (May 2008) THERE IS A NEED TO PROMOTE DANISH WITHIN SOCIETY Denmark is struggling with the same phenomenon as other Scandinavian countries
- [185](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/185-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research DENMARK Language Research 3. Language issues: Where does one observe language to be a problem in the country? Data unavailable.
- [726](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/726-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research CYPRUS References CIA -The World Factbook 1999 Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia 2000 Encyclopedia Britannica, © 1999-2000 Britannica.com Inc. International Constitutional Law (ICL), 1994 - 13 April 2000, University of Wuerzburg, APPENDIX D, DRAFT CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF CYPRUS, PART I. - GENERAL PROVISIONS (August 16,1960), http://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/law/info.html Website of the Library
- [724](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/724-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research CYPRUS Language Research 9. Conclusion: Final Remarks Data unavailable.
- [723](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/723-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research CYPRUS Language Research 8. Miscellaneous: What else can be found about languages and minorities? Data unavailable.
- [720](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/720-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research CYPRUS Language Research 5. Costs: What does it cost in terms of money, time and government resources to police the country's language restrictions? Data unavailable.
- [719](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/719-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research CYPRUS Language Research 4. Minority groups: To what extent are minority groups in this country disadvantaged by their language? Updated (September 2004) GREEK SCHOOL OPENED IN NORTHERN CYPRUS After a thirty-year pause a Greek Cypriot secondary school has been reopened in Turkish-occupied northern Cyprus. The village of Rizokarpasso in the northeastern
- [718](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/718-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research CYPRUS Language Research 3. Language issues: Where does one observe language to be a problem in the country? Data unavailable.
- [125](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/125-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research BELGIUM References CIA -The World Factbook 1999 Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia 2000 Encyclopedia Britannica, © 1999-2000 Britannica.com Inc. International Constitutional Law (ICL), 1994 - 13 April 2000, University of Wuerzburg, http://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/law/info.html The European Bureau for Lesser Used Languages (Brussels and Dublin Office), Minority languages-Belgium, http://www.eblul.org/ Euromosaic Report on Belgium (1998), (produced
- [97](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/97-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research AUSTRIA References CIA -The World Factbook 1999 Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia 2000 Encyclopedia Britannica, © 1999-2000 Britannica.com Inc. International Constitutional Law (ICL), 1994 - 13 April 2000, University of Wuerzburg, http://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/law/info.html The European Bureau for Lesser Used Languages (Brussels and Dublin Office), Minority languages-Austria, http://www.eblul.org/ Euromosaic Report on Austria (1998), (produced
- [95](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/95-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research AUSTRIA Language Research 9. Conclusion: Final Remarks
- [93](https://usefoundation.org/research/official-language-research/93-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research AUSTRIA Language Research 7. International treaties: Did the country ratify any international treaty dealing with the protection of minorities? European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages signed on November 11, 1992. Austria has announced the creation of a new law aimed to provide itself with the legal devices necessary for
- [981](https://usefoundation.org/research/many-languages/981-2/) - U.S. English Foundation Research Many Languages, One America Select the criteria by which you would like to sort the language data. You can display the data sorted by geographical region: United States State Metropolitan Statistical Area County Or you can display the data sorted by language: Language
- [Recommended Reading](https://usefoundation.org/programs/recommended-reading/) - U.S. English Foundation Programs Recommended Reading Americans No More by Georgie Ann Geyer English as a Global Language by David Crystal Learning in Two Languages edited by Gary A. Imhoff Slouching Towards Gomorrah by Robert H. Bork Language in Thought and Action by S. I. Hayakawa The Value of English Proficiency to the United